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1 near work
near work кропотливая работа -
2 near work
Макаров: кропотливая работа, особ. требующая напряжения зрения, кропотливая работа (особ. требующая напряжения зрения) -
3 near work
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4 near
near [nɪə]1. a1) близлежа́щий, бли́жний;the man nearest to you ваш ближа́йший сосе́д
2) ближа́йший ( о времени);the near future ближа́йшее бу́дущее
3) бли́зкий; те́сно свя́занный;near relation ближа́йший ро́дственник
;near akin (to) ро́дственный по хара́ктеру
;one's nearest and dearest родны́е и бли́зкие
;near to one's heart заве́тный
;a very near concern of mine де́ло, о́чень бли́зкое моему́ се́рдцу
4) бли́зкий; схо́дный; приблизи́тельно пра́вильный;near translation бли́зкий к оригина́лу перево́д
;near resemblance бли́зкое схо́дство
;near guess почти́ пра́вильная дога́дка
5) ле́вый (о ноге лошади, колесе экипажа, лошади в упряжке);the near foreleg ле́вая пере́дняя нога́
6) доста́вшийся с трудо́м; тру́дный; кропотли́вый;near victory побе́да, доста́вшаяся с трудо́м
;near work кропотли́вая рабо́та
7) кратча́йший, прямо́й ( о пути)8) скупо́й, прижи́мистый; ме́лочный2. adv1) по́дле; бли́зко, побли́зости, недалеко́; о́коло ( по месту или времени);to come ( или to draw) near приближа́ться
;to come nearer the end приближа́ться к концу́
;who comes near him in wit? кто мо́жет сравни́ться с ним в остроу́мии?
2) почти́3) уст. чуть не, едва́ не;I came near forgetting я чуть не забы́л
;he near died with fright он чуть не у́мер от стра́ха
;that will go near to killing him э́то мо́жет уби́ть его́
а) ря́дом, бли́зко;б) вско́ре;near upon почти́ (что) (о возрасте, времени)
◊far and near повсю́ду
;as near as I can guess наско́лько я могу́ догада́ться
;а) под руко́й; тут, бли́зко;б) ≅ не за гора́ми; на носу́; ско́ро3. prep1) во́зле, у, о́коло ( о месте);we live near the river мы живём у реки́
2) к, о́коло, почти́ (о времени, возрасте и т.п.);it is near dinner-time ско́ро обе́д
;the portrait does not come near the original портре́т не похо́ж на оригина́л
а) мор. идти́ в круто́й бейдеви́нд;б) поступа́ть риско́ванно4. v приближа́ться; подходи́ть;to near the land приближа́ться к бе́регу
;to be nearing one's end умира́ть, конча́ться
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5 near
nɪə
1. прил.
1) а) ближний, близлежащий, близко расположенный the near fields ≈ близлежащие поля Syn: not distant б) более близкий the nearest ≈ ближайший, соседний, близлежащий
2) кратчайший, прямой (о пути) the near road ≈ прямая кратчайшая дорога Syn: short, direct
3) ближайший (о времени) the near future ≈ ближайшее будущее
4) близкий;
тесно связанный our nearest relatives ≈ наши ближайшие родственники
5) близкий, сходный;
приблизительно правильный near resemblance ≈ близкое сходство near translation ≈ наиболее точный, близкий к оригиналу перевод
6) минимальный;
доставшийся с трудом, трудный a near escape ≈ еле удавшийся побег Syn: narrow, close
7) скупой, скаредный, прижимистый Syn: thrifty, stingy
8) левый( о ноге лошади, колесе экипажа, лошади в упряжке) the near foreleg ≈ левая передняя нога
2. нареч.
1) близко, около, поблизости, недалеко to come/draw near ≈ приближаться Who comes near him in wit? ≈ Кто может сравниться с ним в остроумии?
2) близко, недалеко (близость по времени) The new year draws near. ≈ Новый год уже близко.
3) близко, тесно( о связях, родстве, схожести) a near-standing position ≈ почти схожие позиции
4) почти, чуть не, едва не a period of near 30 years ≈ промежуток почти в 30 лет Syn: almost, nearly
5) архаич. бережливо, скупо ∙
3. предл.
1) возле, у, около, рядом( указывает на нахождение вблизи чего-л.) regions near the equator ≈ районы около экватора
2) к, около, почти (близкий к какому-л. времени, возрасту) near the beginning of the year ≈ в начале года
3) почти (приближение к какому-л. состоянию) to be near death ≈ быть почти при смерти ∙ sail near the wind
4. гл. подходить, приближаться;
надвигаться to near the land ≈ приближаться к берегу Syn: approach, come near, draw near близкий;
тесно связанный - * relation ближайший родственник, член семьи (о детях и родителях) - * friends закадычные друзья - * to suicide близкий к самоубийству - * to smb.'s heart заветный, близкий сердцу - a matter of * consequence to me вопрос, в котором я тесным образом заинтересован близлежащий, близкий, находящийся рядом - * point (медицина) ближайшая точка ясного зрения - * sight близорукость - the post-office is quite * почта совсем близко этот, свой, наш, ближний - * shore( военное) берег, занимаемый своими войсками, исходный берег - on the * bank на этом /на нашем/ берегу - on the * side по сю /по эту/ сторону ближайший (о времени) - the * future ближайшее будущее короткий, прямой ( о пути) - the *est way to the station кратчайший путь к станции - to show smb. a *er cut (разговорное) показать кому-л., как пройти напрямик близкий, сходный - * resemblance близкое сходство - the *est translation of an idiom наиболее точный /близкий к оригиналу/ перевод идиомы напоминающий (по виду и т. п.) ;
имитирующий - * silk искусственный шелк - * seal кролик, выделанный под котик (мех) (американизм) почти полный - * blindness почти полная слепота - a * saint святой человек доставшийся с трудом;
трудный - * victory дорогая победа - * work кропотливая работа, особ. требующая напряжения зрения - a * escape побег, чуть не кончившийся неудачей;
еле-еле предотвращенная гибель( разговорное) скупой, прижимистый;
мелочный - he is * with his money он с трудом расстается с деньгами левый (о колесе экипажа, лошади в упряжке и т. п.) - * side левая сторона( по ходу) - * horse левая лошадь пары, подседельная лошадь ( near-) как компонент сложных слов со значением приближающийся к чему-л., полу-, около-, при- - near-nude полуголый - near-bottom придонный - the near-break of a marriage супружество на грани развода, разлад в семье > * and dear родной, любимый > my *est and dearest friend мой закадычный друг > our *est and dearest преим. наши семьи, наши жены и дети > a * go /shave, squeak, thing, touch/ опасное /рискованное/ положение, опасность, которую едва удалось избежать;
на волосок от гибели > we won the race but it was a * thing мы победили в гонке, но с большим трудом указывает на нахождение поблизости или на приближении близко, недалеко, поблизости, подле - to stand * стоять недалеко - don't go away, stay somewhere * не уходите (далеко), будьте поблизости - *er and *er ближе и ближе - to come /to draw/ * приближаться - as soon as he came *er как только он приблизился - do not approach too * не подходите слишком близко указывает на близость, приближение во времени близко, недалеко;
передается также глагольными приставками - the harvest season is drawing * приближается время уборки урожая указывает на тесное родство, непосредственную связь и т. п. близко, непосредственно - we are * related мы близкие родственники - tribes * allied родственные племена - they are * acquainted with the people of the country они хорошо знают народ этой страны - to be * akin /of a kin/ быть очень близкими родственниками - news that concerns you very * новость, которая близко касается вас указывает на приближение к какому-л. качеству, состоянию и т. п. почти, чуть не, едва не - * a century ago почти сто лет назад - you are * right вы почти правы - the results are pretty * equal результаты почти совпадают - it is done or * so это сделано или почти сделано - it is the same thing or * so это то же самое или почти то же самое - he is not * as popular as before он далеко не так популярен, как раньше бережливо, скупо - to live * жить скупо /расчетливо/ в сочетаниях - as * as почти;
чуть не - as * as a touch /as ninepence, as dammit/ (сленг) почти ничем не отличаясь от (чего-л.) - as * as no matter, as * as makes no difference практически то же самое - they're the same height or as * as make no difference они практически одного роста - he was as * as could be to being knocked down by the bus его чуть не сшиб автобус - as * as I can guess насколько я могу догадываться;
как я могу предположить - * upon почти (о времени) - * upon six o'clock почти шесть часов - he is * upon eighty years of age ему почти восемьдесят лет - nowhere *, not *, not anywhere * далеко не;
отнюдь;
нисколько - the concert hall was nowhere * full концертный зал был далеко /отнюдь/ не полон - the bus is not anywhere * as expensive as the train ехать автобусом гораздо дешевле, чем поездом > * at hand под рукой;
близко, рядом;
скоро;
на носу > the papers are all * at hand все документы под рукой > the exams are * at hand экзамены на носу > the holiday is * at hand праздник не за горами > the time is * at hand близится час > the time to act is * at hand приближается время действовать > far and * везде;
повсюду > we searched far and * for the missing child мы повсюду искали пропавшего ребенка;
в поисках пропавшего ребенка мы обшарили всю местность приближаться к (чему-л.) ;
подходить - the ship was *ing land корабль приближался к берегу - they are *ing the end of their exile их изгнание подходит к концу - the road is *ing completion строительство дороги близится к завершению - to be *ing one's end (образное) быть на краю могилы (морское) идти в крутой бейдевинд указывает на нахождение вблизи от чего-л. близ, возле, у, около - * the station близ /около/ станции - * the river у реки - regions * the equator области, расположенные у экватора - he was standing * the table он стоял у стола - we live * them мы живем близко /недалеко/ от них - * the ground (метеорология) приземный - Plessis * Tours (география) Плесси под Туром /близ Тура/ указывает на приближение к чему-л. к - bring your chair * the fire подвиньте свой стул к камину /к огню/ - don't come * me не подходи(те) ко мне( близко) - he drew /came/ * us он подошел к нам - to be * the end /the goal, the mark/ быть близким к цели указывает на приближение во времени почти - it is * midnight почти двенадцать часов ночи, скоро полночь - it is * dinner-time скоро обед - he is * fifty years of age ему скоро будет /исполнится/ пятьдесят лет указывает на приближение к какому-л. качеству, состоянию и т. п. к;
почти, чуть не - his hopes were * fulfilment его надежды были близки к осуществлению - the plan came * being realized план был почти осуществлен - I came * forgetting how to get there я чуть не забыл, как туда идти - this act came * spoiling his chances этот поступок чуть не испортил ему все /все шансы/ указывает на сходство ближе к;
почти - nobody can come anywhere * him с ним никто не может сравниться - the copy does not come * the original копия мало похожа на оригинал > to lie /to come, to go/ * smb. /smb.'s heart/ близко затрагивать /непосредственно касаться/ кого-л. > to sail * the wind (морское) идти в крутой бейдевинд;
действовать крайне рискованно ~ upon почти что;
far and near повсюду;
as near as I can guess насколько я могу догадаться ~ приближаться;
подходить;
to near the land приближаться к берегу;
to be nearing one's end умирать, кончаться ~ подле;
близко, поблизости, недалеко;
около (по месту или времени) ;
to come (или to draw) near приближаться to come nearer the end приближаться к концу;
who comes near him in wit? кто может сравниться с ним в остроумии? he ~ died with fright он чуть не умер от страха;
that will go near to killing him это может убить его ~ почти, чуть не, едва не (обыкн. nearly) ;
I came near forgetting я чуть не забыл ~ prep к, около, почти (о времени, возрасте и т. п.) ;
it is near dinnertime скоро обед;
the portrait does not come near the original портрет не похож на оригинал near ближайший (о времени) ;
the near future ближайшее будущее ~ ближний ~ близкий;
сходный;
приблизительно правильный;
near translation близкий к оригиналу перевод;
near resemblance близкое сходство;
near guess почти правильная догадка ~ близкий;
тесно связанный;
near akin (to) родственный по характеру;
near and dear близкий и дорогой ~ близкий ~ близлежащий, ближний ~ prep возле, у, около (о месте) ;
we live near the river мы живем у реки ~ доставшийся с трудом;
трудный;
кропотливый;
near victory победа, доставшаяся с трудом;
near work кропотливая работа ~ prep к, около, почти (о времени, возрасте и т. п.) ;
it is near dinnertime скоро обед;
the portrait does not come near the original портрет не похож на оригинал ~ кратчайший, прямой (о пути) ~ левый (о ноге лошади, колесе экипажа, лошади в упряжке) ;
the near foreleg левая передняя нога ~ подле;
близко, поблизости, недалеко;
около (по месту или времени) ;
to come (или to draw) near приближаться ~ почти, чуть не, едва не (обыкн. nearly) ;
I came near forgetting я чуть не забыл ~ приближаться;
подходить;
to near the land приближаться к берегу;
to be nearing one's end умирать, кончаться ~ скупой, прижимистый, мелочный ~ близкий;
тесно связанный;
near akin (to) родственный по характеру;
near and dear близкий и дорогой ~ близкий;
тесно связанный;
near akin (to) родственный по характеру;
near and dear близкий и дорогой ~ at hand = не за горами;
на носу;
скоро ~ at hand под рукой;
тут, близко ~ by вскоре ~ by рядом, близко ~ левый (о ноге лошади, колесе экипажа, лошади в упряжке) ;
the near foreleg левая передняя нога near ближайший (о времени) ;
the near future ближайшее будущее ~ близкий;
сходный;
приблизительно правильный;
near translation близкий к оригиналу перевод;
near resemblance близкое сходство;
near guess почти правильная догадка ~ близкий;
сходный;
приблизительно правильный;
near translation близкий к оригиналу перевод;
near resemblance близкое сходство;
near guess почти правильная догадка ~ приближаться;
подходить;
to near the land приближаться к берегу;
to be nearing one's end умирать, кончаться ~ to one's heart заветный;
a very near concern of mine дело, очень близкое моему сердцу ~ близкий;
сходный;
приблизительно правильный;
near translation близкий к оригиналу перевод;
near resemblance близкое сходство;
near guess почти правильная догадка ~ upon почти что;
far and near повсюду;
as near as I can guess насколько я могу догадаться ~ доставшийся с трудом;
трудный;
кропотливый;
near victory победа, доставшаяся с трудом;
near work кропотливая работа ~ доставшийся с трудом;
трудный;
кропотливый;
near victory победа, доставшаяся с трудом;
near work кропотливая работа ~ prep к, около, почти (о времени, возрасте и т. п.) ;
it is near dinnertime скоро обед;
the portrait does not come near the original портрет не похож на оригинал to sail ~ the wind мор. идти в крутой бейдевинд to sail ~ the wind поступать рискованно he ~ died with fright он чуть не умер от страха;
that will go near to killing him это может убить его ~ to one's heart заветный;
a very near concern of mine дело, очень близкое моему сердцу ~ prep возле, у, около (о месте) ;
we live near the river мы живем у реки to come nearer the end приближаться к концу;
who comes near him in wit? кто может сравниться с ним в остроумии? -
6 near
[nɪə]near upon почти что; far and near повсюду; as near as I can guess насколько я могу догадаться near приближаться; подходить; to near the land приближаться к берегу; to be nearing one's end умирать, кончаться near подле; близко, поблизости, недалеко; около (по месту или времени); to come (или to draw) near приближаться to come nearer the end приближаться к концу; who comes near him in wit? кто может сравниться с ним в остроумии? he near died with fright он чуть не умер от страха; that will go near to killing him это может убить его near почти, чуть не, едва не (обыкн. nearly); I came near forgetting я чуть не забыл near prep к, около, почти (о времени, возрасте и т. п.); it is near dinnertime скоро обед; the portrait does not come near the original портрет не похож на оригинал near ближайший (о времени); the near future ближайшее будущее near ближний near близкий; сходный; приблизительно правильный; near translation близкий к оригиналу перевод; near resemblance близкое сходство; near guess почти правильная догадка near близкий; тесно связанный; near akin (to) родственный по характеру; near and dear близкий и дорогой near близкий near близлежащий, ближний near prep возле, у, около (о месте); we live near the river мы живем у реки near доставшийся с трудом; трудный; кропотливый; near victory победа, доставшаяся с трудом; near work кропотливая работа near prep к, около, почти (о времени, возрасте и т. п.); it is near dinnertime скоро обед; the portrait does not come near the original портрет не похож на оригинал near кратчайший, прямой (о пути) near левый (о ноге лошади, колесе экипажа, лошади в упряжке); the near foreleg левая передняя нога near подле; близко, поблизости, недалеко; около (по месту или времени); to come (или to draw) near приближаться near почти, чуть не, едва не (обыкн. nearly); I came near forgetting я чуть не забыл near приближаться; подходить; to near the land приближаться к берегу; to be nearing one's end умирать, кончаться near скупой, прижимистый, мелочный near близкий; тесно связанный; near akin (to) родственный по характеру; near and dear близкий и дорогой near близкий; тесно связанный; near akin (to) родственный по характеру; near and dear близкий и дорогой near at hand = не за горами; на носу; скоро near at hand под рукой; тут, близко near by вскоре near by рядом, близко near левый (о ноге лошади, колесе экипажа, лошади в упряжке); the near foreleg левая передняя нога near ближайший (о времени); the near future ближайшее будущее near близкий; сходный; приблизительно правильный; near translation близкий к оригиналу перевод; near resemblance близкое сходство; near guess почти правильная догадка near близкий; сходный; приблизительно правильный; near translation близкий к оригиналу перевод; near resemblance близкое сходство; near guess почти правильная догадка near приближаться; подходить; to near the land приближаться к берегу; to be nearing one's end умирать, кончаться near to one's heart заветный; a very near concern of mine дело, очень близкое моему сердцу near близкий; сходный; приблизительно правильный; near translation близкий к оригиналу перевод; near resemblance близкое сходство; near guess почти правильная догадка near upon почти что; far and near повсюду; as near as I can guess насколько я могу догадаться near доставшийся с трудом; трудный; кропотливый; near victory победа, доставшаяся с трудом; near work кропотливая работа near доставшийся с трудом; трудный; кропотливый; near victory победа, доставшаяся с трудом; near work кропотливая работа near prep к, около, почти (о времени, возрасте и т. п.); it is near dinnertime скоро обед; the portrait does not come near the original портрет не похож на оригинал to sail near the wind мор. идти в крутой бейдевинд to sail near the wind поступать рискованно he near died with fright он чуть не умер от страха; that will go near to killing him это может убить его near to one's heart заветный; a very near concern of mine дело, очень близкое моему сердцу near prep возле, у, около (о месте); we live near the river мы живем у реки to come nearer the end приближаться к концу; who comes near him in wit? кто может сравниться с ним в остроумии? -
7 near
1. [nıə] a1. близкий; тесно связанныйnear relation - ближайший родственник, член семьи ( о детях и родителях)
near to smb.'s heart - заветный, близкий сердцу
a matter of near consequence to me - вопрос, в котором я тесным образом заинтересован
2. 1) близлежащий, ближний, близкий, находящийся рядомnear point - мед. ближайшая точка ясного зрения
near sight = near-sightedness
2) этот, свой, наш, ближнийnear shore - воен. берег, занимаемый своими войсками, исходный берег
on the near bank - на этом /на нашем/ берегу
on the near side - по сю /по эту/ сторону
3. ближайший ( о времени)4. короткий, прямой ( о пути)to show smb. a nearer cut - разг. показать кому-л., как пройти напрямик
5. близкий, сходныйthe nearest translation of an idiom - наиболее точный /близкий к оригиналу/ перевод идиомы
6. 1) напоминающий (по виду и т. п.); имитирующийnear seal - кролик, выделанный под котик ( мех)
2) амер. почти полный7. доставшийся с трудом; трудныйnear work - кропотливая работа, особ. требующая напряжения зрения
a near escape - а) побег, чуть не кончившийся неудачей; б) еле-еле предотвращённая гибель
8. разг. скупой, прижимистый; мелочный9. левый (о колесе экипажа, лошади в упряжке и т. п.)near horse - левая лошадь пары, подседельная лошадь
10. (near-) как компонент сложных слов со значением приближающийся к чему-л., полу-, около-, при-:the near-break of a marriage - супружество на грани развода, разлад в семье
♢
near and dear - родной, любимыйour nearest and dearest - преим. шутл. наши семьи, наши жёны и дети
a near go /shave, squeak, thing, touch/ - опасное /рискованное/ положение, опасность, которую едва удалось избежать; ≅ на волосок от гибели
2. [nıə] advwe won the race but it was a near thing - мы победили в гонке, но с большим трудом
1. указывает на1) нахождение поблизости или на приближение близко, недалеко, поблизости, подлеto stand [to be] near - стоять [быть] недалеко
don't go away, stay somewhere near - не уходите (далеко), будьте поблизости
to come /to draw/ near - приближаться
2) близость, приближение во времени близко, недалеко; передаётся также глагольными приставками3) тесное родство, непосредственную связь и т. п. близко, непосредственноthey are near acquainted with the people of the country - они хорошо знают народ этой страны
to be near akin /of a kin/ - быть очень близкими родственниками
news that concerns you very near - новость, которая близко касается вас
2. указывает на приближение к какому-л. качеству, состоянию и т. п. почти, чуть не, едва неhe is not near as popular as before - он далеко не так популярен, как раньше
3. бережливо, скупоto live near - жить скупо /расчётливо/
4. в сочетаниях:as near as - почти; чуть не
as near as a touch /as ninepence, as dammit/ - сл. почти ничем не отличаясь от (чего-л.)
as near as no matter, as near as makes no difference - практически то же самое
they're the same height or as near as make no difference - они практически одного роста
he was as near as could be to being knocked down by the bus - его чуть не сшиб автобус
as near as I can guess - насколько я могу догадываться; как я могу предположить
nowhere near, not near, not anywhere near - далеко не; отнюдь; нисколько
the concert hall was nowhere near full - концертный зал был далеко /отнюдь/ не полон
the bus is not anywhere near as expensive as the train - ехать автобусом гораздо дешевле чем поездом
♢
near at hand - а) под рукой; близко, рядом; the papers are all near at hand - все документы под рукой; б) скоро; на носу; the exams are near at hand - экзамены на носуfar and near - везде, повсюду
3. [nıə] vwe searched far and near for the missing child - мы повсюду искали пропавшего ребёнка; в поисках пропавшего ребёнка мы обшарили всю местность
1. приближаться к (чему-л.); подходитьthe road is nearing completion - строительство дороги близится к завершению
to be nearing one's end - образн. быть на краю могилы
2. мор. идти в крутой бейдевинд4. [nıə] prep1. указывает на1) нахождение вблизи от чего-л. близ, возле, у, околоnear the station - близ /около/ станции
regions near the equator - области, расположенные у экватора
we live near them - мы живём близко /недалеко/ от них
near the ground - метеор. приземный
Plessis near Tours - геогр. Плесси под Туром /близ Тура/
2) приближение к чему-л. кbring your chair near the fire - подвиньте свой стул к камину /к огню/
he drew /came/ near us - он подошёл к нам
to be near the end /the goal, the mark/ - быть близким к цели
3) приближение во времени почтиit is near midnight - почти двенадцать часов ночи, скоро полночь
he is near fifty years of age - ему скоро будет /исполнится/ пятьдесят лет
4) приближение к какому-л. качеству, состоянию и т. п. к; почти, чуть неI came near forgetting how to get there - я чуть не забыл, как туда идти
this act came near spoiling his chances - этот поступок чуть не испортил ему всё /все шансы/
2. указывает на сходство ближе к; почти♢
to lie /to come, to go/ near smb. /smb.'s heart/ - близко затрагивать /непосредственно касаться/ кого-л.to sail near the wind - а) мор. идти в крутой бейдевинд; б) действовать крайне рискованно
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8 near
1. adjective1) близкий; тесно связанный; near akin (to) родственный по характеру; near and dear близкий и дорогой; near to one's heart заветный; a very near concern of mine дело, очень близкое моему сердцу2) близлежащий, ближний3) кратчайший, прямой (о пути)4) ближайший (о времени); the near future ближайшее будущее5) близкий; сходный; приблизительно правильный; near translation близкий к оригиналу перевод; near resemblance близкое сходство; near guess почти правильная догадка6) доставшийся с трудом; трудный; кропотливый; near victory победа, доставшаяся с трудом; near work кропотливая работа7) левый (о ноге лошади, колесе экипажа, лошади в упряжке); the near foreleg левая передняя нога8) скупой, прижимистый, мелочный2. adverb1) подле; близко, поблизости, недалеко; около (по месту или времени); to come (или to draw) near приближаться; to come nearer the end приближаться к концу; who comes near him in wit? кто может сравниться с ним в остроумии?2) почти, чуть не, едва не (обыкн. nearly); I came near forgetting я чуть не забыл; he near died with fright он чуть не умер от страха; that will go near to killing him это может убить егоnear bynear uponfar and near повсюдуas near as I can guess насколько я могу догадатьсяnear at handа) под рукой; тут, близко;б) = не за горами; на носу; скоро3. preposition1) возле, у, около (о месте); we live near the river мы живем у реки2) к, около, почти (о времени, возрасте и т. п.); it is near dinnertime скоро обед; the portrait does not come near the original портрет не похож на оригиналto sail near the windа) naut. идти в крутой бейдевинд;б) поступать рискованно4. verbприближаться; подходить; to near the land приближаться к берегу; to be nearing one's end умирать, кончаться* * *1 (d) вблизи; поблизости2 (p) возле; около* * *1) около 2) близко, около 3) близкий* * *[nɪr /nɪə] adj. близкий, тесно связанный, ближайший; прямой, кратчайший; доставшийся с трудом, трудный; скупой, прижимистый, мелочный; левый; кропотливый; приблизительно правильный adv. близко, почти, около, поблизости, недалеко, близ, подле, чуть не, едва не v. приближаться, подходить prep. к, у, около, близ, возле* * *ближайшийблизблизкийблизкоблизко-близкоблизоквблизивозленарядуоколопоблизостиподлеприрядом* * *1. прил. 1) а) ближний, близлежащий, близко расположенный б) более близкий 2) а) скорый, ближайший (о времени) б) близкий, вероятный 3) кратчайший, прямой (о пути) 4) близкий; тесно связанный 5) близкий, сходный; приблизительно правильный 2. нареч. 1) близко, около, поблизости, недалеко 2) скоро, близко, недалеко (близость по времени) 3) близко, тесно (о связях, родстве, схожести) 3. предл. 1) возле, у, около, рядом 2) к, около, почти 3) почти 4. гл. 1) а) подходить б) перен. подходить, соответствовать (чему-л.) 2) редк. приближать -
9 work
- work
- n1. работа
2. изделие
3. обработка
4. возводимый объект (строительства) ( по подрядному договору); конструкция, сооружение
5. работа, мощность
6. pl сооружение, сооружения
7. pl завод, фабрика, мастерские
work above ground — наземные работы ( в отличие от подземных и подводных); работы, производимые на поверхности земли
work below ground ( level) — подземные работы
work carried out on site — работы, выполненные на стройплощадке
work done in sections — работа, выполненная отдельными секциями [частями]
work in open excavations — работы в открытых выемках [горных выработках]
work in progress — (строительные) работы в стадии выполнения, выполняемые [производимые] (строительные) работы; объект в стадии строительства
work in water — работы, производимые в воде [под водой]
work near water — работы, производимые близ водоёмов или рек
work on schedule — работы в процессе выполнения ( по графику); работы, предусмотренные планом [графиком]
- work of deformation
- work of external forces
- work of internal forces
- above-ground works
- additional work
- agricultural works
- alteration work
- ashlar work
- auxiliary work
- avalanche baffle works
- axed work
- backfill work
- backing masonry work
- bag work
- bench work
- block work
- brewery works
- brick work
- broken-color work
- brush work
- building work
- building site works
- carcass work
- carpenter's work
- cement works
- chemical production works
- civil engineering work
- coast protection works
- cob work
- completed work
- complicated building work
- concrete work
- concrete block masonry work
- concrete masonry work
- constructional work
- construction work
- continuous shift work
- contract work
- coursed work
- crib work
- day work
- dead work
- defective work
- defence works
- deformation work
- demolition work
- development work
- diver's works
- diversion works
- donkey work
- drainage works
- earth work
- earth-moving work
- elastic work of a material
- electric work
- electricity production works
- emergency work
- enclosed construction works
- engineering works
- erection work
- erosion protection works
- excavation works
- experimental work
- external work
- extra work
- facing work
- factory work
- fascine work
- finishing work
- finish work
- floating construction works
- flood-control works
- flood-protection works
- floor work
- floor-and-wall tiling work
- floor covering work
- food industry production work
- foundation work
- funerary works
- further day's work
- gas works
- gauged work
- glazed work
- glazier's work
- half-plain work
- hammered work
- hand work
- handy work
- heat insulation work
- heavy work
- highly mechanized work
- hot work
- in-fill masonry work
- innovative construction work
- insulating work
- intake works
- internal work in the system
- ironmongery work
- joinery work
- land retention works
- landslide protection works
- loading works
- manual work
- marine works
- metallurgical processing works
- night work
- nonconforming work
- office work
- off-the-site work
- one-coat work
- open-air intake works
- open construction works
- ornamental works
- ornate work
- outlet works
- overhang work
- overhead work
- permanent works up to ground level
- petroleum extraction works
- piece work
- pitched work
- plaster work
- plumbing work
- power production works
- precast works
- production works
- promotion work
- protection works
- protective works
- public works
- random ashlar work
- refurbishment work
- refuse disposal works
- refuse incineration works
- regulation works
- reinforced concrete work
- research work
- reticulated work
- road transport works
- roof tiling work
- rubble ashlar masonry work
- sanitary works
- sea defence works
- sediment exclusion works
- sewage disposal works
- single construction works
- smillage-axed work
- solid plaster work
- steel construction works
- steel works
- steel plate work
- structural restoration work
- surface transport works
- temporary works
- textile work
- three-coat work
- tiling work
- training works
- transport works
- treatment works
- two-coat work
- underground work
- underwater work
- unloading works
- vermiculated work
- virtual work
- waste disposal works
- water works
- water treatment works
Англо-русский строительный словарь. — М.: Русский Язык. С.Н.Корчемкина, С.К.Кашкина, С.В.Курбатова. 1995.
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10 work near water
- work near water
- n
работы, производимые близ водоёмов или рек
Англо-русский строительный словарь. — М.: Русский Язык. С.Н.Корчемкина, С.К.Кашкина, С.В.Курбатова. 1995.
Англо-русский словарь строительных терминов > work near water
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11 work
1) работа; труд; действие; функционирование2) обработка3) обрабатываемая заготовка; обрабатываемая деталь; обрабатываемое изделие4) механизм5) конструкция6) мн. ч. завод; фабрика; мастерские; технические сооружения; строительные работы7) мн. ч. работающие части механизма, подвижные органы механизма8) работать; обрабатывать9) действовать, двигаться, поворачиваться ( о подвижных частях механизмов)10) коробиться•work performed with materials in a smaller quantity — работа, выполненная с недостаточным использованием материалов
work performed without the necessary diligence — работа, выполненная небрежно
work which is not in accordance with specifications — работа, не соответствующая техническим требованиям
work which is not in accordance with the requirements of the engineer — работа, не отвечающая требованиям инженера
to work down — 1) осаживать ( вниз); оседать 2) обрабатывать на меньший размер
to work in — вделывать, вмонтировать
to work into — углубляться во что-либо, уходить внутрь
to work off — 1) соскакивать, соскальзывать ( во время работы) 2) снимать (напр. стружку)
to work on — действовать на что-либо, оказывать влияние на что-либо
to work out — 1) разрабатывать (план, проект) 2) вырабатывать (что-либо) из чего-либо (напр. вытачивать, выстрагивать, выфрезеровывать) 3) выскакивать, выпадать во время работы
to work over — обрабатывать вторично, перерабатывать, подвергать переработке
to work upon — действовать на что-либо, оказывать влияние на что-либо
- work executed - work in process - work of acceleration - work of deformation - work of ideal cycle - work of resistance - work on arbour - works under way - access to works - actual progress of works - amendment of the date of completion of works - amount of the executed works - applied work - asphalt work - assessment of works - auxiliary work - bank work - bargain work - beat-cob work - betterment work - black and white work - bluff work - bonus work - bosh brick work - branch work - branched work - bright work - carpenter's work - cast steel work - cessation of works - chased work - check of works - checking of works - chequer work - chequered work - cindering work - civil works - civil and erection works - clay work - clearing work - commencement of works - completed works - completion of works - concrete work - diversion work - condensing works - construction works - consumed work - continuous execution of works - contract works - cost of works - cost of uncovering works - covered-up works - date of commencement of works - date of completion of works - day-to-day work - day wage work - dead work - defective works - delay in completion of works - delayed completion of works - demolition works - description of works - design and survey works - desilting works - diaper work of bricklaying - drainage work - dredge work - dressing works - drove work - earth works - effective work - embossed work - emergency works - engineering works - erecting works - erection works - examination of works - excavation works - execution of works - expected period of works - extension of the time for completion of works - external work - face work - fascine work - field works - finely finished work - finishing work - fitter's works - flat trellis work - float work - forming work - forthcoming works - frosted rustic work - gauge work - gauged work - geologic works - geological works - grading works - gunite work - heading work - health work - hot work - hydro-meteorologic works - hydro-meteorological works - inadequate progress of works - incomplete lattice work - indicated work - inlaid work - inspection of works - installation work - intake works - irrigation works - jack works - jobbing work - joggle work - ladder work - line work - link work - locksmith's work - machine work - main works - maintenance work - management of works - maritime works - metal work - milling work - motion work - multiple lattice work - nature of works - neat work - negative work - night work - no-load work - odd works - on the site works - order of execution of works - outlet work - outstanding works - overhead works - panel work - partially completed works - part of works - paternoster work - period of works - period of execution of works - permanent works - pilot-scale work - plane frame work - planer work - pneumatic work - port work - portion of works - pottery work - precision work - preliminary works - preparatory works - pressure cementing work - programme of works - progress of works - proper execution of works - prospecting works - public works - pump works - quantity of works - rag work - R and D work - random work - range work - reclamation work - recoverable-strain work - recuperated work - reflected work - reliability of works - relief work - remedial works - repair work - repairing work - required work - research work - resumption of works - retaining works - reticulated work - right of access to works - river training works - rustic work - safety of works - schedule of works - scope of work - shaper work - sheet metal work - shift work - smith and founder work - spillway works - starting work - step-by-step check of works - step-by-step checking of works - stick and rag work - stoppage of works - subcontract works - submarine work - substituted works - sufficiency of works - supervision for works - supervision for of works - survey work - survey and research works - suspension of works - taking over of works - task work - temporary work - test work - test-hole work - three-coat work - through-carved work - time for completion of works - timely completion of works - tool work - topiary work - topographic works - topographical works - track work - treatment works - trellis work - trench work - trestle work - turning work - uncompleted works - uncovering of works - upon completion of works - variations in works - variations of works - volume of works - wiring work - X-ray workto complete works (in the time stipulated in the contract) — завершать работы (в срок, оговорённый в контракте)
* * *1. работа2. изделие3. обработка4. возводимый объект (строительства) ( по подрядному договору); конструкция, сооружение5. работа, мощность6. pl сооружение, сооружения7. pl завод, фабрика, мастерскиеwork above ground — наземные работы ( в отличие от подземных и подводных); работы, производимые на поверхности земли
work below ground ( level) — подземные работы
work carried out on site — работы, выполненные на стройплощадке
work done in sections — работа, выполненная отдельными секциями [частями]
work in open excavations — работы в открытых выемках [горных выработках]
work in progress — (строительные) работы в стадии выполнения, выполняемые [производимые] (строительные) работы; объект в стадии строительства
work in water — работы, производимые в воде [под водой]
work near water — работы, производимые близ водоёмов или рек
- work of deformationwork on schedule — работы в процессе выполнения ( по графику); работы, предусмотренные планом [графиком]
- work of external forces
- work of internal forces
- above-ground works
- additional work
- agricultural works
- alteration work
- ashlar work
- auxiliary work
- avalanche baffle works
- axed work
- backfill work
- backing masonry work
- bag work
- bench work
- block work
- brewery works
- brick work
- broken-color work
- brush work
- building work
- building site works
- carcass work
- carpenter's work
- cement works
- chemical production works
- civil engineering work
- coast protection works
- cob work
- completed work
- complicated building work
- concrete work
- concrete block masonry work
- concrete masonry work
- constructional work
- construction work
- continuous shift work
- contract work
- coursed work
- crib work
- day work
- dead work
- defective work
- defence works
- deformation work
- demolition work
- development work
- diver's works
- diversion works
- donkey work
- drainage works
- earth work
- earth-moving work
- elastic work of a material
- electric work
- electricity production works
- emergency work
- enclosed construction works
- engineering works
- erection work
- erosion protection works
- excavation works
- experimental work
- external work
- extra work
- facing work
- factory work
- fascine work
- finishing work
- finish work
- floating construction works
- flood-control works
- flood-protection works
- floor work
- floor-and-wall tiling work
- floor covering work
- food industry production work
- foundation work
- funerary works
- further day's work
- gas works
- gauged work
- glazed work
- glazier's work
- half-plain work
- hammered work
- hand work
- handy work
- heat insulation work
- heavy work
- highly mechanized work
- hot work
- in-fill masonry work
- innovative construction work
- insulating work
- intake works
- internal work in the system
- ironmongery work
- joinery work
- land retention works
- landslide protection works
- loading works
- manual work
- marine works
- metallurgical processing works
- night work
- nonconforming work
- office work
- off-the-site work
- one-coat work
- open-air intake works
- open construction works
- ornamental works
- ornate work
- outlet works
- overhang work
- overhead work
- permanent works up to ground level
- petroleum extraction works
- piece work
- pitched work
- plaster work
- plumbing work
- power production works
- precast works
- production works
- promotion work
- protection works
- protective works
- public works
- random ashlar work
- refurbishment work
- refuse disposal works
- refuse incineration works
- regulation works
- reinforced concrete work
- research work
- reticulated work
- road transport works
- roof tiling work
- rubble ashlar masonry work
- sanitary works
- sea defence works
- sediment exclusion works
- sewage disposal works
- single construction works
- smillage-axed work
- solid plaster work
- steel construction works
- steel works
- steel plate work
- structural restoration work
- surface transport works
- temporary works
- textile work
- three-coat work
- tiling work
- training works
- transport works
- treatment works
- two-coat work
- underground work
- underwater work
- unloading works
- vermiculated work
- virtual work
- waste disposal works
- water works
- water treatment works -
12 near cash
!гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:"consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;" "the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;" "strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and"the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:"the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and"the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)"Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and"Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.More information about DEL and AME is set out below.In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets."Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest."Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:"Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and"The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:"provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;" "enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;" "introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and"not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:"an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;" "an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;" "to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with"further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.This document was updated on 19 December 2005.Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————"GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money"————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.———————————————————————————————————————— -
13 near-critical assembly
подкритическая сборка; близкая к критической системаEnglish-Russian dictionary on nuclear energy > near-critical assembly
-
14 near ultraviolet range
The English-Russian dictionary general scientific > near ultraviolet range
-
15 work near water
Строительство: работы, производимые близ водоёмов, работы, производимые близ водоёмов или рек, работы, производимые близ рек -
16 electrical installation work
электромонтажная работа
электромонтаж
—
[Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
Синонимы
EN
работы электромонтажные
Вид специальных монтажных работ по устройству наружных и внутренних электрических сетей и монтажу электротехнического оборудования и аппаратуры
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]EN
electrical work
work on, with or near an electrical installation such as testing and measurement, repairing, replacing, modifying, extending, erection and inspection
[ IEC 60092-509, ed. 1.0 (2011-05)]Электромонтажные работы в действующих электроустановках необходимо выполнять после снятия напряжения со всех токоведущих частей, находящихся в зоне производства работ, их отсоединения от действующей части электроустановки, обеспечения видимых разрывов электрической цепи и заземления отсоединенных токоведущих частей
[ ГОСТ 12.3.032-84]
Параллельные тексты EN-RUFor any wiring work, follow the national and local regulations and guidelines for electrical installation.
[TROX TECHNIK]Электромонтажные работы следует выполнять в соответствии с требованиями национальных и местными нормативных документов по устройству электроустановок.
[Перевод Интент]
Рис. ABBТематики
- электропроводка, электромонтаж
EN
- electric installation
- electric installation work
- electrical fitting works
- electrical installation work
- electrical mounting works
- electrical work
- electrical works
- electrotechnical work
- installation and wiring work
- wiring work
DE
FR
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > electrical installation work
17 electric installation work
работы электромонтажные
Вид специальных монтажных работ по устройству наружных и внутренних электрических сетей и монтажу электротехнического оборудования и аппаратуры
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]EN
electrical work
work on, with or near an electrical installation such as testing and measurement, repairing, replacing, modifying, extending, erection and inspection
[ IEC 60092-509, ed. 1.0 (2011-05)]Электромонтажные работы в действующих электроустановках необходимо выполнять после снятия напряжения со всех токоведущих частей, находящихся в зоне производства работ, их отсоединения от действующей части электроустановки, обеспечения видимых разрывов электрической цепи и заземления отсоединенных токоведущих частей
[ ГОСТ 12.3.032-84]
Параллельные тексты EN-RUFor any wiring work, follow the national and local regulations and guidelines for electrical installation.
[TROX TECHNIK]Электромонтажные работы следует выполнять в соответствии с требованиями национальных и местными нормативных документов по устройству электроустановок.
[Перевод Интент]
Рис. ABBТематики
- электропроводка, электромонтаж
EN
- electric installation
- electric installation work
- electrical fitting works
- electrical installation work
- electrical mounting works
- electrical work
- electrical works
- electrotechnical work
- installation and wiring work
- wiring work
DE
FR
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > electric installation work
18 electrical work
работы электромонтажные
Вид специальных монтажных работ по устройству наружных и внутренних электрических сетей и монтажу электротехнического оборудования и аппаратуры
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]EN
electrical work
work on, with or near an electrical installation such as testing and measurement, repairing, replacing, modifying, extending, erection and inspection
[ IEC 60092-509, ed. 1.0 (2011-05)]Электромонтажные работы в действующих электроустановках необходимо выполнять после снятия напряжения со всех токоведущих частей, находящихся в зоне производства работ, их отсоединения от действующей части электроустановки, обеспечения видимых разрывов электрической цепи и заземления отсоединенных токоведущих частей
[ ГОСТ 12.3.032-84]
Параллельные тексты EN-RUFor any wiring work, follow the national and local regulations and guidelines for electrical installation.
[TROX TECHNIK]Электромонтажные работы следует выполнять в соответствии с требованиями национальных и местными нормативных документов по устройству электроустановок.
[Перевод Интент]
Рис. ABBТематики
- электропроводка, электромонтаж
EN
- electric installation
- electric installation work
- electrical fitting works
- electrical installation work
- electrical mounting works
- electrical work
- electrical works
- electrotechnical work
- installation and wiring work
- wiring work
DE
FR
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > electrical work
19 electrotechnical work
работы электромонтажные
Вид специальных монтажных работ по устройству наружных и внутренних электрических сетей и монтажу электротехнического оборудования и аппаратуры
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]EN
electrical work
work on, with or near an electrical installation such as testing and measurement, repairing, replacing, modifying, extending, erection and inspection
[ IEC 60092-509, ed. 1.0 (2011-05)]Электромонтажные работы в действующих электроустановках необходимо выполнять после снятия напряжения со всех токоведущих частей, находящихся в зоне производства работ, их отсоединения от действующей части электроустановки, обеспечения видимых разрывов электрической цепи и заземления отсоединенных токоведущих частей
[ ГОСТ 12.3.032-84]
Параллельные тексты EN-RUFor any wiring work, follow the national and local regulations and guidelines for electrical installation.
[TROX TECHNIK]Электромонтажные работы следует выполнять в соответствии с требованиями национальных и местными нормативных документов по устройству электроустановок.
[Перевод Интент]
Рис. ABBТематики
- электропроводка, электромонтаж
EN
- electric installation
- electric installation work
- electrical fitting works
- electrical installation work
- electrical mounting works
- electrical work
- electrical works
- electrotechnical work
- installation and wiring work
- wiring work
DE
FR
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > electrotechnical work
20 installation and wiring work
работы электромонтажные
Вид специальных монтажных работ по устройству наружных и внутренних электрических сетей и монтажу электротехнического оборудования и аппаратуры
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]EN
electrical work
work on, with or near an electrical installation such as testing and measurement, repairing, replacing, modifying, extending, erection and inspection
[ IEC 60092-509, ed. 1.0 (2011-05)]Электромонтажные работы в действующих электроустановках необходимо выполнять после снятия напряжения со всех токоведущих частей, находящихся в зоне производства работ, их отсоединения от действующей части электроустановки, обеспечения видимых разрывов электрической цепи и заземления отсоединенных токоведущих частей
[ ГОСТ 12.3.032-84]
Параллельные тексты EN-RUFor any wiring work, follow the national and local regulations and guidelines for electrical installation.
[TROX TECHNIK]Электромонтажные работы следует выполнять в соответствии с требованиями национальных и местными нормативных документов по устройству электроустановок.
[Перевод Интент]
Рис. ABBТематики
- электропроводка, электромонтаж
EN
- electric installation
- electric installation work
- electrical fitting works
- electrical installation work
- electrical mounting works
- electrical work
- electrical works
- electrotechnical work
- installation and wiring work
- wiring work
DE
FR
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > installation and wiring work
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